Creating research spaces for underserved communities: Expanding and extending intersectionality in contemporary educational contexts

Authors

  • Mr. Oron Jackson University of Redlands, United States
  • Prof Matthew A Witenstein University of Dayton, United States

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.38140/pie.v39i2.4519

Keywords:

Gender, Intersectionality, Black, Research, Practitioner, Expansion of framework, Students, Women, Marginalise

Abstract

Methods: Intersectionality has extended beyond the tenets of race, gender and class to include queer communities, religious issues, literacy concerns, pedagogical styles, etc. in South Africa, the European Union and beyond. Intersectionality is no longer solely relegated to the needs of African American women germane to the United States.

Aim(s): This paper is also aimed at engaging researchers and practitioners in an intellectual dialog that may contribute to the ever-expanding research on intersectionality to include the United States, European Union, South Africa and other global communities.

Background: Educators are cognisant of the dense demographic shifts and inequities in primary and secondary schools. The call for guidance, resources and policy is critically needed; the disproportionalities consistent in schools have manifested themselves in school disciplinary practices and student achievement. The manuscript encourages discourse and provides a roadmap to examine intersectionality’s expansion critically and how that expansion can aid in improving the lives of K-12 public education students on an international scale. Additionally, the manuscript addresses whether intersectionality or its expansion served as a pivotal voice for marginalised communities and structures domestically and abroad.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bassel, L. & Emejulu, A. 2014. Solidarity under austerity: Intersectionality in France and the United Kingdom. Politics & Gender, 10(1): 130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X13000597

Bearak, M. & Cameron, D. 2016. Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death. The Washington Post.

Bhana, D. 2012. “Girls are not free” –In and out of the South African school. International Journal of Educational Development, 32(2): 352–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.06.002

Blake, J.J., Butler, B.R., Lewis, C.W. & Darensbourg, A. 2011. Unmasking the inequitable discipline experiences of urban Black girls: Implications for urban educational stakeholders. The Urban Review, 43(1): 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-009-0148-8

Blake, J.J., Butler, B.R. & Smith, D. 2015. Challenging middle-class notions of femininity: The cause of Black females’ disproportionate suspension rates. Closing the school discipline gap: Research to practice, 75–88.

Bowleg, L. 2013. Once you’ve blended the cake, you can’t take the parts back to the main ingredients: Black gay and bisexual men’s descriptions and experiences of intersectionality. Sex Roles, 68(11): 754–767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0152-4

Brah, A. & Phoenix, A. 2004. Ain’t I a woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 5(3): 75–86.

Braithwaite, R.L., Treadwell, H.M. & Arriola, K.R. 2005. Health disparities and incarcerated women: A population ignored. American Journal of Public Health, 95(10): 1679–1681. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065375

Brown, L.M. & Gilligan, C. 1993. Meeting at the crossroads: Women’s psychology and girls’ development. Feminism & Psychology, 3(1): 11–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353593031002

Brown, J., Gable, R.A., Hendrickson, J.M. & Algozzine, B. 1991. Prereferral intervention practices of regular classroom teachers: Implications for regular and special education preparation. Teacher Education and Special Education, 14(3): 192–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/088840649101400306

Bryan, J., Day-Vines, N.L., Griffin, D. & Moore-Thomas, C. 2012. The disproportionality dilemma: Patterns of teacher referrals to school counselors for disruptive behavior. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(2): 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00023.x

Bryant, A.L. 1993. Hostile hallways: The AAUW survey on sexual harassment in America’s schools. Journal of School Health, 63(8): 355–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1993.tb07153.x

Cannon, G.S., Idol, L. & West, J.F. 1992. Educating students with mild handicaps in general classrooms: Essential teaching practices for general and special educators. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25(5): 300–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949202500509

Carbin, M. & Edenheim, S. 2013. The intersectional turn in feminist theory: A dream of a common language?. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 20(3): 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506813484723

California Department of Education. 2013. California common core state standards. Available at https://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards.pdf [Accessed 22 July 2018].

Chaudhuri, M. 2017. What is new in the new social movements? Rethinking some old categories. In Social movements (pp. 167–193). India: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315662084-13

Childs, E.C. 2005. Looking behind the stereotypes of the “angry black woman” an exploration of Black women’s responses to interracial relationships. Gender & Society, 19(4): 544–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205276755

Cho, S. 2013. Post-intersectionality: The curious reception of intersectionality in legal scholarship. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 10(2): 385–404. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000362

Crawford, J. 1997. Best evidence: Research foundations of the bilingual education act. NCBE Report.

Crenshaw, K. 1989. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1: article 8.

Crenshaw, K.,2015. Why intersectionality can’t wait. The Washington Post, 24 September 2015. Web.

Crenshaw, K. 2018. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499142-5

of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics [1989]. In Feminist legal theory (pp. 57–80). London: Routledge.

Crenshaw, K., Ocen, P. & Nanda, J. 2015. Black girls matter: Pushed out, overpoliced, and underprotected. African American Policy Forum.

Davis, A.N. 2015. Intersectionality and international law: recognizing complex identities on the global stage. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 28: 205.

Delgado, R. 2010. Rodrigo’s reconsideration: Intersectionality and the future of critical race theory. Iowa Law Review, 96: 1247.

Downey, D.B. & Pribesh, S. 2004. When race matters: Teachers’ evaluations of students’ classroom behavior. Sociology of Education, 77(4): 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070407700401

DuBois, E.C. 1999. Feminism and suffrage: The emergence of an independent women’s movement in America, 1848–1869. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501711817

Dzodan, F. 2011. My feminism will be intersectional or it will be bullshit. Tiger Beatdown, 10.

Emmer, E.T. 1994. Classroom management for secondary teachers. USA: Allyn & Baco.

Fiske, E. & Ladd, H. 2006. Racial equity in education: How far has South Africa come? Perspectives in Education, 24(2): 95–108.

Frazier, P. Steward, J. & Mortensen, H. 2004. Perceived control and adjustment to trauma: A comparison across events. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(3): 303–324. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.3.303.35452

Gates, G.J. 2014. LGBT demographics: Comparisons among population-based surveys. California: UCLA.

George, J.A. 2015. Stereotype and school pushout: Race, gender and discipline disparities. Arkansas Law Review, 68: 101–129.

Gouws, A. 2017. Feminist intersectionality and the matrix of domination in South Africa. Agenda, 31(1): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2017.1338871

Grabham, E., Cooper, D., Krishnadas, J. & Herman, D. (Eds.). 2008. Intersectionality and beyond: Law, power and the politics of location. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203890882

Harris, S. 2015. Intersectionality: Going forward. Available at Wee.clydefitchreport.com/2015/01/intersectionality-going-forward/ [Accessed 22 July 2018].

Hulko, W. 2009. The time-and context-contingent nature of intersectionality and interlocking oppressions. Affilia, 24(1): 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109908326814

Hutchinson, D.J. 1982. More substantive equal protection? A note on Plyler v. Doe. The Supreme Court Review, 167–194. https://doi.org/10.1086/scr.1982.3109556

Jiang, Y., Granja, M.R. & Koball, H. 2017. Basic facts about low-income children: Children 6 through 11 Years. Fact Sheet. National Center for Children in Poverty.

Kantola, J. & Nousiainen, K. 2009. Institutionalizing intersectionality in Europe: Introducing the theme. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 11(4): 459–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740903237426

Kearney, P., Plax, T.G., Smith, V.R. & Sorensen, G. 1988. Effects of teacher immediacy and strategy type on college student resistance to on-task demands. Communication Education, 37(1): 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528809378703

Ladson-Billings, G. 1992. Reading between the lines and beyond the pages: A culturally relevant approach to literacy teaching. Theory into Practice, 31(4): 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405849209543558

Ladson-Billings, G. 1995. Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3): 465–491. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003465

Lareau, A. & Horvat, E.M. 1999. Moments of social inclusion and exclusion race, class, and cultural capital in family-school relationships. Sociology of Education, 37–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/2673185

Lebron, C.J. 2017. The making of black lives matter: A brief history of an idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lee, E.O.J. & Brotman, S. 2013. Speak out! Structural intersectionality and anti-oppressive practice with LGBTQ refugees in Canada. Canadian Social Work Review/Revue Canadienne De Service Social, 157–183.

Lightfoot, D. 2004. Some parents just don’t care decoding the meanings of parental involvement in urban schools. Urban Education, 39(1): 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085903259290

Mandell, C.J. & Strain, P.S. 1978. An analysis of factors related to the attitudes of regular classroom teachers toward mainstreaming mildly handicapped children. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 3(2): 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-476X(78)90022-X

Mehrotra, G. 2010. Toward a continuum of intersectionality theorizing for feminist social work scholarship. Affilia, 25(4): 417–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109910384190

Miller, J. 2008. Getting played: African American girls, urban inequality, and gendered violence. New York: NYU Press.

Misri, D. 2011. “Are you a man?”: performing naked protest in India. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 36(3): 603–625. https://doi.org/10.1086/657487

Morris, M. 2016. Pushout: The criminalization of Black girls in schools. New York: The New Press.

Myles, B.S. & Simpson, R.L. 1989. Regular educators’ modification preferences for mainstreaming mildly handicapped children. The Journal of Special Education, 22(4): 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246698902200408

Núñez, A.M. 2014. Employing multilevel intersectionality in educational research: Latino identities, contexts, and college access. Educational Researcher, 43(2): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X14522320

Parent, M.C., DeBlaere, C. & Moradi, B. 2013. Approaches to research on intersectionality: Perspectives on gender, LGBT, and racial/ethnic identities. Sex Roles, 68(11): 639–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0283-2

Radford, G. 1996. Modern housing for America: Policy struggles in the new deal era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226702216.001.0001

Richie, B. 1996. Compelled to crime: The gender entrapment of battered black women. Psychology Press.

Salem, S. 2018. Intersectionality and its discontents: Intersectionality as traveling theory. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 25(4): 403–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506816643999

Singapore Management University. 2018. Why smart firms are out and proud about LGBT expats. Available at https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1397&context=pers [Accessed 22 July 2018].

Smith, S. 2013. Black feminism and intersectionality. International Socialist Review, 91(11): 1–16.

Snell, T.L. 1994. Women in prison: Survey of state prison inmates, 1991. USA: US Department of Justice.

Spaull, N. 2013. South Africa’s education crisis: The quality of education in South Africa 1994-2011. Johannesburg: Centre for Development and Enterprise.

Swavola, E., Riley, K. & Subramanian, R. 2016. Overlooked: Women and jails in an era of reform. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice.

Tonnesen, S.C. 2013. Hit it and quit it: Responses to Black girls’ victimization in school. Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice, 28: 1–29.

Wallis, S. 1995. Forced parent involvement. The Education Digest, 60(9): 21–25.

Weinstein, C., Curran, M. & Tomlinson-Clarke, S. 2003. Culturally responsive classroom management: Awareness into action. Theory into Practice, 42(4): 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4204_2

Weinstein, C.S., Tomlinson-Clarke, S. & Curran, M. 2004. Toward a conception of culturally responsive classroom management. Journal of Teacher Education, 55(1): 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487103259812

White, A. & Rastogi, S. 2009. Justice by any means necessary: Vigilantism among Indian women. Feminism & Psychology, 19(3): 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353509105622

Winkle-Wagner, R. 2009. The unchosen me: Race, gender, and identity among Black women in college. JHU Press.

Wun, C. 2016. Against captivity: Black girls and school discipline policies in the afterlife of slavery. Educational Policy, 30(1): 171–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904815615439

##submission.downloads##

Published

2021-06-11

How to Cite

Jackson, O., & Witenstein, M. A. (2021). Creating research spaces for underserved communities: Expanding and extending intersectionality in contemporary educational contexts. Perspectives in Education, 39(2). https://doi.org/10.38140/pie.v39i2.4519

Issue

Section

Research articles