The entwined tale of Inkie Hoyi, Washington Bongco, Donal Card, and a 'core group' of MK operatives - A foray into political intimidation and violence in Duncan Village 1959-1964

Abstract

The years 1959 through 1964 constituted a turning point in South African political life. The apartheid state had, with the Promotion of Bantu Self Government Act of 1959, started the march towards creating self-governing Bantustans. In 1960, black people suffered the Sharpeville massacre and the banning of the people's organizations, most notably the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). The ANC, wanting an indivisible state, with rights and justice for all, rejected Bantustanization. In the wake of its banning, the organization launched its military wing, Umkonto we Sizwe (MK), in 1961. Finally, in 1964, Justice Quartus de Wet convicted several top ANC-MK leaders in the Rivonia trial.