Strategies for SME contractors to enhance on-site labour productivity in sustainable construction project delivery

Abstract

On-site labour productivity is a critical determinant of project performance for small and medium‑sized enterprise (SME) contractors, who play an important role in South Africa’s economic development and employment creation. Many construction projects continue to incur productivity losses, due to inadequate site management practices, skills shortages, ineffective supervision, and material supply disruptions. This study examines strategies to enhance on-site labour productivity among SME contractors within the context of sustainable construction project delivery. A quantitative research design was used, and data was collected through survey questionnaires from 155 site-management personnel, including directors, construction managers, quantity surveyors, site agents, and foremen, from SME contractors registered under cidb grades 1 to 6 in the General Building category. Mean rating scores and factor analysis were applied to identify the most significant productivity-enhancing strategies. The findings indicate that SME contractors prioritise effective supervision, regular quality inspections, consistent progress monitoring, timely decision-making, and appropriate task delegation. The adoption of smart technologies such as drone monitoring, telematics for equipment tracking, and blockchain systems for labour payments was also recognised as increasingly valuable. Additional strategies include proper material-handling training, monitoring material usage, efficient waste management, hiring skilled equipment operators, routine machinery maintenance, and maintaining spare machinery parts. Principal component analysis revealed three overarching components for improving labour productivity: site control, smart technologies for productivity enhancement, and site management. This study offers evidence‑based strategies for SME contractors and policymakers, presenting an operational framework designed to minimise project inefficiencies and strengthen sustainable performance in the construction sector.